Application of the A-Star Method for Evacuation Routes Using the Long-Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN)
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Abstract
Optimal evacuation route planning is a crucial factor in disaster mitigation, especially in areas with limited communication infrastructure. This study proposes the application of the A-Star method for evacuation route optimization, supported by the Long-Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) as an emergency communication system. The research methodology includes the development of an A-Star algorithm optimized with an adaptive heuristic function, integration with LoRaWAN-based sensors for real-time road condition monitoring, and simulations in various disaster scenarios. The results show that the developed system can reduce evacuation time by up to 31.4% compared to conventional methods and maintain communication connectivity up to 95% even under emergency conditions. Furthermore, the dynamic adaptation mechanism allows for automatic route changes based on current field conditions, enhancing the effectiveness of the evacuation process. Therefore, the integration of the A-Star method and LoRaWAN network proves to be a reliable and efficient solution for improving public safety during disasters.
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Articles
References
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[2] N. Manchev, K. Angelov, S. Sadinov, and P. Kogias, “Planning and Research of Long-Range LoRaWAN Radio Coverage for Large Areas with Complex Terrain,” MDPI AG, Aug. 2024, p. 43. doi: 10.3390/engproc2024070043.
[3] L. A. Mokoginta, D. T. Antow, and H. Tuwaidan, “Kajian Yuridis Kedudukan dan Fungsi Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB) Dalam Menanggulangi Korban Bencana Alam,” vol. 10, no. 4, 2022.
[4] I. R. Lopes, P. R. da S. L. Coelho, R. Pasquini, and R. S. Miani, “Evaluating the Performance of LoRa Networks: A Study on Disaster Monitoring Scenarios,” Internet of Things, vol. 6, no. 14, 2025, doi: 10.3390/iot6010014.
[5] A. Sharieh, “Modeling Metaheuristic Algorithms to Optimal Pathfinding for Vehicles,” WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS, vol. 23, pp. 300–317, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.37394/23205.2024.23.30.
[6] Jasmani and A. Mahmudi, “Optimalisasi Jalur Terpendek Menggunakan Algoritma Genetika,” J-INTECH ( Journal of Information and Technology), vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 128–139, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.32664/J-INTECH.V11I1.809.
[7] D. Arya and Moh. A. Romli, “Development of Android-Based Package Sorting Application Based on Distance,” INOVTEK Polbeng - Seri Informatika, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 619–630, Oct. 2024, doi: 10.35314/wj72r311.
[8] A. Djoudi, R. Zitouni, N. Zangar, L. George, and L. G. Do, “Do IoT LoRa Networks Support Emergency Evacuation Systems?,” 2020, doi: 10.1109/ICT.
[9] R. Prasetyo Jati, A. Cristional Lokananta, Y. S. Arifianto inggalen, and D. Kartikawangi, “Integrasi Teknologi Digital dalam Pengembangan Desa Wisata Tangguh Bencana: Pendekatan Komunikasi Kooperatif,” vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 536–546, 2025.
[10] Z. Cai, T. Wang, Q. Mi, X. Su, L. Guo, and Z. Ding, “Dynamic Weighted Road Network Based Multi-Vehicles Navigation and Evacuation,” ISPRS Int J Geoinf, vol. 12, no. 3, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.3390/ijgi12030127.
[11] F. Delgado Ferro, J. Navarro Ortiz, N. Chinchilla Romero, and J. J. Ramos Munoz, “A LoRaWAN Architecture for Communications in Areas without Coverage: Design and Pilot Trials,” Electronics (Switzerland), vol. 11, no. 5, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.3390/electronics11050804.
[12] W. K. Anuar, L. S. Lee, S. Pickl, and H. V. Seow, “Vehicle Routing Optimisation in Humanitarian Operations: A Survey on Modelling and Optimisation Approaches,” Jan. 02, 2021, MDPI AG. doi: 10.3390/app11020667.
[13] V. Cheimaras et al., “Emergency Communication System Based on Wireless LPWAN and SD-WAN Technologies: A Hybrid Approach,” Signals, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 315–336, Jun. 2023, doi: 10.3390/signals4020017.
[14] H. Tian, Z.-H. Yang, G.-M. Sun, S.-P. Wang, J. Fu, and G.-H. Tao, “An Improved A* Path-Planning Algorithm for Nuclear Spill Evacuation and Radioactive Source Retrieval in Complex Terrains,” vol. 408, Jul. 2023, [Online]. Available: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4328151
[15] Y. Zhou et al., “Cooperative Multi-Agent Target Searching: a Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach Based on Parallel Hindsight Experience Replay,” Complex and Intelligent Systems, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 4887–4898, Oct. 2023, doi: 10.1007/s40747-023-00985-w.
[16] Y. Chen, S. Wang, Z. Gu, and F. Yang, “Modeling the Spatial Distribution of Population Based on Random Forest and Parameter Optimization Methods: A Case Study of Sichuan, China,” Applied Sciences (Switzerland), vol. 14, no. 1, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.3390/app14010446.
[17] M. Borowska-Stefańska, M. Kowalski, S. Wiśniewski, and M. A. Dulebenets, “The impact of Self-Evacuation from Flood Hazard Areas on the Equilibrium of the Road Transport,” Saf Sci, vol. 157, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105934.
[18] J. Pramono and J. Suranto, “Pertisipasi Masyarakat Dalam Manajemen Bencana di Kota Surakarta,” Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Publik, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 80–89, 2021, doi: 10.26905.
[19] R. Y. Aldahlawi, V. Akbari, and G. Lawson, “A Systematic Review of Methodologies for Human Behavior Modelling and Routing Optimization in Large-Scale Evacuation Planning,” International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, vol. 110, May 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104638.
[20] W. G. Wardhana, T. Hariyanto, and T. B. Utomo, “Perancangan dan Realisasi Sistem Komunikasi Darurat Menggunakan Radio LoRa yang Terintegrasi dengan Smartphone Melalui Bluetooth,” 2021.
[21] M. E. A. Hermawan, C. Vidiyanti, and I. Y. Astari, “Efektivitas Sarana dan Jalur Evakuasi Darurat Mall Blok M Plaza,” vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 95–103, 2020.
[22] H. Candra, L. Arief, and D. Ichwana Putra, “Penerapan Teknologi LoRa Dalam Sistem Komunikasi Early Warning System Untuk Mitigasi Bencana Tsunami,” CHIPSET, vol. 2, no. 02, pp. 69–77, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.25077/chipset.2.02.69-77.2021.